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Interpreting legal provisions into an unfamiliar language can add more challenges to an already demanding workload. To bridge this gap, we have translated Malaysia’s Companies Act 2016 into Mandarin, providing a side-by-side comparison with the original English text.

Whether you’re a business owner, legal professional, or simply curious about company law, this bilingual guide is for you! If you have any questions or suggestions regarding the interpretation of the Act or this translation, feel free to reach out to us for assistance or feedback at info@speakup.my.

马来西亚公司法包含 620 个条文,还不包括条文下的细分段落!所有内容均以英文撰写,并且措辞严谨、专业。对于不熟悉英语的企业家和专业人士来说,理解这些法律术语和复杂句式可能是一项挑战。因此,我特别整理了这份 中英对照版本,方便大家查阅和参考。

无论您是企业主、法律从业者,还是对公司法感兴趣的读者,希望这份双语指南能为您提供帮助!如果您对法律条文的释义或翻译内容有任何疑问或建议,欢迎随时与我们联系,电邮至 info@speakup.my


Friendly Disclaimer: We Did Our Best, But… Just a quick heads-up—this is an unofficial translation of Malaysia’s Companies Act 2016. We put in a lot of effort to make it as accurate and clear as possible, but it’s not a legally binding document and definitely not a substitute for legal advice. If there’s ever a difference between this translation and the official version, the original version (as published by the relevant authority) wins, hands down. So, if you need absolute certainty, we highly recommend checking the official legislation or reaching out to a legal expert.

We hope this translation helps you navigate the law more easily, but remember—we can’t take responsibility for any decisions made based on it. Use it wisely, and when in doubt, always double-check with the pros!

温馨提醒:这只是翻译,不是法律意见哦!这份马来西亚《公司法 2016》译本是非官方版本,我们尽力做到准确易懂,但它不具法律效力,也不能代替法律建议。若这份译文和官方原文有出入,那当然还是以官方版本为准。所以,如果您需要绝对准确的信息,建议查阅官方法律文本或咨询专业律师。

希望这份翻译能帮到您,但请记住,我们无法为您因使用此译文做出的决定承担责任。使用时请谨慎,遇到法律疑问,记得向专业人士求证! 但… 如需要翻译上的需求,请随时联系我们😊


Latest News: The Act is currently translated up until end of the index. The full translation of the document will be ready by mid of April. If you’re interested in getting a copy, please drop us an email with your name, e-mail address and company. Stay tuned!

最新消息:目前本法已翻译至索引部分。完整版译文预计将在 4 月中完成。如果您有兴趣获取,请发送电子邮件给我们,并附上您的姓名、邮箱地址和公司信息。敬请期待!

EnglishMandarin
PART I第一编
PRELIMINARY前言
Section条文
1. Short title and commencement简称和生效
2. Interpretation释义
3. Definition of “corporation”“公司”的定义
4. Definition of “subsidiary and holding company”“附属公司和控股公司”的定义
5. Definition of “ultimate holding company”“最终控股公司”的定义
6. Definition of “wholly-owned subsidiary”“全资附属公司” 的定义
7. When corporations deemed to be related to each other当公司被视为相互关联时
8. Interests in shares股份权益
PART II第二编
FORMATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES公司的成立和管理
Division 1第1章
Types of Companies公司类型
9. Essential requirements of a company公司的基本要求
10. Types of companies公司类型
11. Private or public company私营公司或上市公司 (股票公開上市的公司)
12. Prohibition on companies limited by guarantee with a share capital对有股本担保的有限公司的禁止
13. Prohibition for unincorporated associations, etc.对非法人团体的禁止,等。
Division 2第2章
Incorporation and Its Effects公司的设立及效力
14. Application for incorporation设立申请
15. Registration for incorporation设立登记
16. Power to refuse registration of incorporation拒绝公司登记的权力
17. Certificate of incorporation公司登记执照
18. Effect of incorporation公司设立效力
19. Notice of registration as conclusive evidence作为确凿证据的预告登记
20. Separate legal entity独立法人实体
21. Companies have unlimited capacity公司有无限能力
Division 3第3章
Restriction on Subsidiary Being Member of Its Holding Company对子公司成为控股公司的成员的限制
22. Membership of holding company控股公司成员资格
23. Subsidiary acting as a participating dealer担任参与交易商的子公司
24. Protection of third parties in other cases where a subsidiary acts as a dealer in securities子公司作为证券交易商的其他情况下对第三方的保护
Division 4第4章
Name of Company公司名称
25. Name of company公司名称
26. Availability of name名称的可用性
27. Confirmation of availability and reservation of name名称可用性的确认和名称的保留
28. Change of name更改名称
29. Power of Registrar to direct a change of name注册官指示更改名称的权力
30. Publication of name名称的公布
Division 5第5章
Constitution of a Company公司章程
31. Constitution of a company公司章程
32. Company may adopt a constitution公司可通过章程
33. Effect of constitution章程的效力
34. Form of constitution章程的形式
35. Contents of a company’s constitution公司章程的内容
36. Company may alter or amend constitution公司可更改或修订章程
37. Court may alter or amend constitution法院可更改或修订章程
38. Company limited by guarantee shall have a constitution担保有限公司应制定章程
39. Non-application of doctrine of constructive notice推定通知理论的不适用性
Division 6第6章
Conversion of Company Status公司性质的变更
40. Conversion from an unlimited company to a limited company无限公司转换为有限公司
41. Conversion from public companies to private companies or private companies to public companies上市公司转换为私营公司或私营公司转换为上市公司
Division 7第7章
Provisions Applicable to Certain Types of Companies适用于特定类型公司的规定
42. Private companies私营公司
43. Prohibition of private companies to offer shares or debentures or invite to deposit money禁止私营公司发售股票或债券或邀请存款
44. Offer to the public公开招股
45. Company limited by guarantee担保有限公司
Division 8第8章
Registered Office and Registers注册办事处及登记簿
46. Registered office and office hours注册办事处及其办公时间
47. Documents to be kept at registered office保存在注册办事处的文件
48. Inspection of documents and records kept by company查阅公司保存的文件和档案
49. Forms of documents and other means for recording of documents文件格式和其他记录文件的方式
50. Register of members成员登记簿
51. Duty to notify of particulars and changes in the register of members通知成员登记簿详情及其变更的义务
52. Index of members of company公司成员索引
53. Branch register of members成员登记簿分册
54. Place where register of members and index to be kept成员登记簿和索引的保存地点
55. Inspection and closing of register of members and index成员登记簿和索引的查阅和关闭
56. Power of company to require disclosure of beneficial interest in its voting shares公司要求披露其有表决权股份受益权之权力
57. Register of directors, managers and secretaries董事、经理及秘书登记簿
58. Duty to notify of particulars and changes of director, manager and secretary通知董事、经理及秘书的详细信息及其变更的义务
59. Register of directors’ shareholdings, etc.董事股权等登记簿
60. Register of debenture holders and copies of trust deed债券持有人登记簿和信托契约副本
Division 9第9章
Execution of Documents文件的签署
61. Company seals公司印章
62. Official seal for use abroad境外使用公章
63. Official seal for share certificates, etc.股份证书等公章
64. Company contracts公司合同
65. Pre-incorporation contract公司设立前的合同
66. Execution of documents文件的签署
67. Execution of deeds契据的签署
Division 10第10章
Annual Return年度报表
68. Duty to lodge annual return提交年度报表的义务
PART III第三编
MANAGEMENT OF COMPANY公司管理
Division 1第1章
Share and Capital Maintenance股份和资本保值
Subdivision 1第1节
Share Capital股本
69. Types of shares股份类型
70. Nature of shares股份性质
71. Rights and powers attached to shares附着于股份的权利和权力
72. Preference shares优先股
73. Prohibition to issue bearer’s share warrants禁止发行不记名认股权证
74. No par value shares无面值股份
75. Exercise of power of directors to allot shares or grant rights董事分配股份或授予权利的权力
76. Allotment of shares or grant of rights with company approval经公司批准配股或授予权利
77. Registration of allotment in the register of members在成员登记簿上登记配股
78. Return of allotment配股申报表
79. General prohibition of commissions, discounts and allowances全面禁止佣金、折扣和津贴
80. Permitted commissions许可佣金
81. Differences in calls and payments, etc.催缴股款和缴款的不同,等。
82. Calls on shares催缴股款
83. Forfeiture of shares股份的没收
84. Power of company to alter its share capital公司变更股本的权力
85. Pre-emptive rights to new shares对新发行股份的优先购股权
86. Conversion of shares into stock股份转换为股票
87. Rights and privileges of stockholders持股人的权利和特权
88. Rights attached to shares附着于股份的权利
89. Classes of shares股份类别
90. Description of shares of different classes不同类别股份的说明
91. Variation of class rights类别权利的变更
92. Notifying shareholders of variation通知股东变更情况
93. Disallowance or confirmation of variation by Court法院对变更的拒绝或确定
94. Delivery of order of Court to Registrar向注册官送达庭令
95. Notifying Registrar of variation将变更通知注册官
96. Variation includes abrogation变更包括废除
Subdivision 2第2节
Share Certificate, Title, Transfer and Transmission股份证书、所有权、转让和转移
97. Issuance of share certificate股份证书的发行
98. Application for issuance of share certificate发行股份证书的申请
99. Delivery of share certificate股份证书的送达
100. Numbering of shares股份编号
101. Registration of members constitute as evidence of legal title成员登记构成取得法定所有权的证据
102. Duty of secretary to enter issuance and transfer of shares in the register of members秘书在成员登记簿上登记股份发行和转让的义务
103. Rectification更正
104. Loss or destruction of certificates证书的丢失或毁损
105. Requirement for instrument of transfer对转让文书的要求
106. Registration of transfer or refusal of registration转让登记或拒绝登记
107. Order of Court for registration法院登记令
108. Validation of shares improperly issued不当发行股份的验证
109. Registration of transmission of shares or debentures股票或债券的转移登记
110. Limitation of liability of trustee, etc., registered as owner of shares登记为股份所有者的受托人等的责任限制
111. Lien on shares股份的留置权
Subdivision 3第3节
Solvency Statement偿付能力声明
112. Solvency test偿付能力测试
113. Solvency statement偿付能力声明
114. Offences regarding solvency statement与偿付能力声明有关的罪行
Subdivision 4第4节
Reduction of Share Capital股本的削减
115. Company may reduce its share capital公司可削减股本
116. Reduction of share capital by Court法院削减股本
117. Reduction of share capital by private or public company私营公司或上市公司削减股本
118. Creditor’s right to object to the reduction of the share capital by the company债权人对公司削减股本的反对权
119. Position at end of period for objection by creditor债权人于期末提出异议的立场
120. Power of Court in relation to objection by creditor法院在债权人提出异议方面的权力
121. Offences for making groundless or false statements作出无根据或虚假声明的罪行
122. Liability of members on reduced shares成员关于削减股份的责任
Subdivision 5第5节
Assistance by a Company in the Purchase of Its Own Shares公司为购买自身公司股份所提供的援助
Section条文
123. Financial assistance by a company in dealings in its shares, etc.公司在自身公司股份交易中所提供的财务援助等
124. Consequences of failing to comply with this Subdivision不遵守本节规定的后果
125. General exceptions一般例外情况
126. Financial assistance not exceeding ten per centum of shareholders’ funds不超过股东资金百分之十的财务援助
127. Purchase by a company of its own shares, etc.公司购买自身股份等
128. Options to take up unissued shares认购未发行股份的期权
129. Register of options to take up unissued shares in a company公司未发行股份认购权登记簿
130. Power of company to pay interest out of capital in certain cases公司在某些情况下以股本支付利息的权力
Subdivision 6第6节
Dividends股息
131. Distribution out of profit利润分配
132. Distribution only if company is solvent仅在公司有偿付能力的情况下进行分配
133. Recovery of distribution收回分配的款项
Subdivision 7第7节
Substantial Shareholdings大量持股
134. Application and interpretation适用和释义
135. Persons obliged to comply with Subdivision应遵守本节规定的人
136. Substantial shareholdings and substantial shareholders大量持股和大股东
137. Substantial shareholder to notify company of his interests大股东通知公司他所享有的利益
138. Substantial shareholder to notify company of change in his interests大股东通知公司他的利益的变化
139. Person who ceases to be substantial shareholder to notify company不再是大股东的人须向公司发出通知
140. References to operation of interests in shares股份权益运作的提述
141. Copy of notice to be served on the Registrar需送达注册官的通知书副本
142. Notice to non-residents对非居民的通知
143. Registrar may extend time for giving notice under this Subdivision注册官可根据本节规定延长通知时间
144. Company to keep and maintain register of substantial shareholders公司应保存并维护大股东登记簿
145. Powers of Court with respect to defaulting substantial shareholders法院针对违法大股东的权力
Subdivision 8第8节
The Central Depository System—a Book-Entry or Scripless System for the Transfer of Securities中央存管系统——证券转让的簿记或无纸化系统
146. Interpretation释义
147. Depositor deemed to be member被视为成员的存款人
148. Transfer of securities is by way of book entry证券以簿记的形式转让
149. Rectification of record of depositors更正存款人记录
150. Non-application of section 472 to disposition made by way of book entry第472条不适用于以簿记方式进行的处置
151. Exemption from this Subdivision豁免于本节
Subdivision 9第9节
Prospectus招股说明书
152. Application of Subdivision 9第9节的适用
153. Power of Minister to exempt the application of Subdivision 9部长豁免第9节规定的权力
154. Requirement to register and lodge prospectus登记和提交招股说明的要求
155. Registration of prospectus招股说明书的登记
156. Refusal to register a prospectus拒绝登记招股说明书
157. Keeping of documents relating to prospectus保存与招股说明书有关的文件
158. Invitations to the public to lend money to or to deposit money with a corporation邀请公众向公司贷款或存款
159. Form and content of prospectus招股说明书的形式和内容
160. Consent from person to issue prospectus containing his statement一个人对于发行载有其声明的招股说明书的同意
161. Relief from requirements as to form and content of prospectus对招股说明书的形式和内容要求的豁免
162. Retention of over-subscription in issuance of debenture发行债券时保留超额认购权
163. Certain advertisements deemed to be prospectuses被视为招股说明书的部分广告
164. Document containing offer of shares for sale to be deemed prospectus载有出售股份要约的文件被视为招股说明书
165. Information memorandum deemed to be prospectus信息备忘录被视为招股说明书
166. Supplemental prospectus or replacement prospectus补充招股说明书或替代招股说明书
167. Civil liability for misstatement in prospectus招股说明书中错报的民事责任
168. Criminal liability for misstatement in prospectus招股说明书中错报的刑事责任
169. Persons not to be taken to have authorized or caused issue of prospectus不得视为已授权或安排发行招股说明书的人士
170. Stop order停令
Subdivision 10第10节
Debentures债券
171. Application of Subdivision 10第10节的应用
172. Specific performance of contracts合同的强制履行
173. Perpetual debentures永久债券
174. Power to re-issue redeemed debentures重新发行已赎回债券的权力
175. Deposit of debentures to secure advances存入债券作为预付款的担保
176. Qualifications of trustee for debenture holders债券持有人的受托人资格
177. Duties of trustee受托人的义务
178. Retirement of trustee受托人的辞任
179. Contents of trust deed信托契约的内容
180. Power of Court in relation to certain irredeemable debentures法院对某些不可赎回债券的权力
181. Power of trustee to apply to Court for directions, etc.受托人向法院申请指示等的权力,等。
182. Obligations of borrowing corporation借款公司的义务
183. Obligation of guarantor corporation to furnish information担保公司提供资料的义务
184. Loans and deposits to be immediately refundable on certain events贷款和存款在某些情况下可立即退还
185. Liability of trustee for debenture holders受托人对债券持有人的法律责任
Subdivision 11第11节
Restrictions on Allotment and Commencement of Business对配股和开业的限制
186. Prohibition of allotment unless minimum subscription received在未收到最低认购额的情况下禁止配股
187. Application for moneys to be held in trust until allotment申请以信托方式持有款项至配股为止
188. Restriction on allotment in certain cases在某些情况下对配股的限制
189. Requirements as to statements in lieu of prospectus关于代替招股说明书之声明的要求
190. Restrictions on commencement of business in certain circumstances在某些情况下对开业的限制
191. Restriction on varying contracts referred to in prospectus, etc.对更改招股说明书所提及的合同的限制等
Division 2第2章
Members, Directors and Officers of Companies公司成员、董事和高级职员
Subdivision 1第1节
Members成员
192. Liability of members成员的责任
193. Liability for calls and forfeiture催缴和没收的责任
194. Shareholders not bound to acquire additional shares by alteration to constitution股东无义务通过修改章程而获取额外股份
195. Members’ rights for management review成员审查管理层的权利
Subdivision 2第2节
Directors董事
196. Directors of company公司董事
197. Persons connected with directors与董事相关的人员
198. Persons disqualified from being a director被取消董事资格的人员
199. Power of Court to disqualify persons from acting as director or promoter法院取消董事或发起人资格的权力
200. Power of Registrar to remove name of disqualified director注册官对被取消资格的董事除名的权力
201. Directors’ consent required需董事同意
202. Named directors and subsequent directors指定董事和继任董事
203. Appointment of directors of public company to be voted on individually上市公司董事的任命须逐个投票表决
204. Validity of acts of directors and officers董事和高级管理人员行为的效力
205. Retirement of directors董事的退任
206. Removal of directors董事的免职
207. Right to be heard for directors of public company against removal上市公司董事针对免职的申诉权
208. Vacation of office of director董事职位的空缺
209. Resignation, vacation or death of sole director or last remaining director唯一董事或最后一名董事的辞职、离职或去世
Subdivision 3第3节
Directors’ Duties and Responsibilities董事的义务和职责
210. Interpretation解释
211. Functions of Board董事会的职能
212. Proceedings of Board董事会的议事程序
213. Duties and responsibilities of directors董事的义务和职责
214. Business judgment rule商业判断规则
215. Reliance on information provided by others依赖他人提供的信息
216. Responsibility for actions of delegate受托人行为的责任
217. Responsibility of a nominee director提名董事的责任
218. Prohibition against improper use of property, position, etc.禁止不当使用财产、职位等
219. General duty to make disclosure一般披露义务
220. Effect of other rules of law on duties of directors其他法律规则对董事义务的影响
221. Disclosure of interest in contracts, proposed contracts, property, offices  etc.披露合同、拟议合同、财产、职权等方面的利益
222. Interested director not to participate or vote拥有相关利益的董事不得参与或投票
223. Approval of company required for disposal by directors of company’s undertaking or property董事处置公司业务或财产时须获得公司批准
224. Loans to director向董事提供贷款
225. Prohibition of loans to persons connected with directors禁止向与董事有关的人员提供贷款
226. Prohibition of tax free payments to directors禁止向董事支付免税款项
227. Payment to directors for loss of office, etc.因失去职位等向董事支付款项
228. Transactions with directors, substantial shareholders or connected persons与董事、大股东或有关人员的交易
229. Exception to section 228第228条的例外情况
230. Approvals for fees of directors董事费用的批准
231. Directors’ service contracts董事的服务合同
232. Copy of contracts to be available for inspection合同副本可供查阅
233. Right of member to inspect and request copy成员有权查阅及索要副本
234. Contract with sole member who is also a director与唯一成员兼董事签署的的合同
Subdivision 4第4节
Secretary秘书
235. Requirement for a secretary对秘书的要求
236. Appointment of a secretary秘书的委任
237. Resignation of a secretary秘书的辞职
238. Disqualification to act as a secretary担任秘书的资格丧失
239. Removal of a secretary秘书的免职
240. Office of secretary shall not be left vacant秘书职位不得空缺
241. Requirement to register with Registrar在z注册官注册的要求
242. Prohibition to act in dual capacity禁止以双重身份行事
Division 3第3章
Accounts and Audit账目与审计
Subdivision 1第1节
Financial Statements and Report财务报表和报告
Section条文
243. Interpretation释义
244. Compliance with approved accounting standards遵守核定的会计准则
245. Accounts to be kept账目保存
246. System of internal control内部控制制度
247. Accounting periods of companies within same group同一集团内的公司的会计期间
248. Directors shall prepare financial statements董事应编制财务报表
249. General requirements for financial statements财务报表的一般要求
250. Subsidiaries to be included in consolidated financial statements合并财务报表应包括的子公司
251. Financial statements to be approved by the Board财务报表须经董事会批准
252. Directors shall prepare directors’ report董事须编制董事报告
253. Contents of directors’ report董事报告的内容
254. Form and content of directors’ report and financial statement of a banking corporation, etc.银行等机构的董事报告和财务报表的形式和内容
255. Relief from requirements as to form and content of financial statements and directors’ report免除财务报表和董事报告的形式和内容要求
256. Power of Registrar to require a statement of valuation of assets注册官要求资产估值表的权力
257. Duty to circulate copies of financial statements and reports分发财务报表和报告副本的义务
258. Time allowed for sending out copies of financial statements and reports发送财务报表和报告副本的时限
259. Duty to lodge financial statements and reports with the Registrar向注册官提交财务报表和报告的义务
260. Duty to lodge certificate relating to exempt private company提交与豁免私营公司有关证书的义务
261. Auditor’s statements审计师声明
Subdivision 2第2节
Auditors审计师
262. Definition of “outgoing auditor”“离任审计师”的定义
263. Company auditors to be approved by Minister charged with responsibility for finance公司审计师须由负责财务的部长批准
264. Company auditors公司审计师
265. Registration of firms of auditors审计事务所的登记
266. Powers and duties of auditors审计师的权力和义务
Chapter I第一小节
Provisions relating to Auditor of Private Company关于私营公司审计师的规定
Section条文
267. Appointment of auditors of private company私营公司审计师的任命
268. Power of Registrar to appoint auditors of private company注册官任命私营公司审计师的权力
269. Term of office of auditors of private company私营公司审计师的任期
270. Prevention by members of deemed re-appointment of auditor成员防止审计师被视为重新任命
Chapter II第二小节
Provisions relating to Auditor of Public Company关于上市公司审计师的规定
271. Appointment of auditors of public company上市公司审计师的任命
272. Power of the Registrar to appoint auditors of public company注册官任命上市公司审计师的权力
273. Term of office of auditors of public company上市公司审计师的任期
Chapter III第三小节
General Provisions relating to Auditors关于审计师的一般规定
274. Fixing of auditor’s remuneration审计师报酬的定价
275. Obligation to furnish particulars of payment made to auditors提供审计师报酬明细的义务
276. Resolution to remove auditor from office免除审计师职务的决议
277. Special notice required for resolution to remove auditor from office免除审计师职务的决议所需的特别通知
278. Notice to Registrar of resolution to remove auditor from office通知注册官关于免除审计师职位的决议
279. Procedure to appoint auditor by written resolution通过书面决议任命审计师的程序
280. Procedure to appoint auditor at a meeting of members在成员会议上任命审计师的程序
281. Resignation of auditor审计师辞任
282. Notice of resignation of auditor to Registrar向注册官提交审计师辞任的通知
283. Rights of resigning auditor of a public company上市公司已辞任审计师的权利
284. Duty to inform upon cessation of office离职时的通知义务
285. Attendance of auditors at general meetings where financial statements are laid审计师出席发布财务报表的股东大会
286. Auditor and other person to enjoy qualified privilege in certain circumstances审计师和其他人在特定情况下享有特权
287. Duties of auditors to trustee for debenture holders审计师对债券持有人受托人的义务
Division 4第4章
Indemnity and Insurance for Officers and Auditors高级职员与审计师的赔偿和保险
Section条文
288. Provisions indemnifying directors or officers董事或高级职员的赔偿规定
289. Indemnity and insurance for officers and auditors高级职员和审计师的赔偿和保险
Division 5第5章
Meetings会议
Subdivision 1第1节
Meetings and Resolutions for Members成员会议和决议
290. Passing a resolution通过决议
291. Ordinary resolutions普通决议
292. Special resolutions特别决议
293. General rules on voting投票的一般规则
294. Votes by proxy委托投票
295. Votes of joint holders of shares股份联名持有人的投票
296. Right to object to a person’s entitlement to vote反对某人投票权的权利
Subdivision 2第2节
Written Resolutions of Private Companies私营公司的书面决议
297. Written resolutions of private companies私营公司的书面决议
298. Eligibility of members to receive written resolution成员接收书面决议的资格
299. Circulation date分发日期
300. Manner in which a written resolution to be circulated书面决议的分发方式
301. Circulation of written resolutions proposed by directors分发董事提出的书面决议
302. Members’ power to require circulation of written resolution成员要求分发书面决议的权力
303. Circulation of written resolution proposed by members分发成员提出的书面决议
304. Expenses of circulation分发费用
305. Application not to circulate a member’s written resolution申请不分发成员的书面决议
306. Procedure for signifying agreement to written resolution对书面决议表示同意的程序
307. Period for agreeing to written resolution同意书面决议的期限
308. Sending of documents relating to written resolutions by electronic means以电子方式发送有关书面决议相关的文件
Subdivision 3第3节
Passing Resolutions at Meetings of Members在成员会议上通过决议
309. Resolutions at meetings of members成员会议上的决议
310. Power to convene meetings of members召开成员会议的权力
311. Power to require directors to convene meetings of members要求董事召开成员会议的权力
312. Directors’ duty to call meetings required by members董事召开成员所要求的会议的义务
313. Power of members to convene meeting of members at company’s expense成员在公司资助下召开成员会议的权力
314. Power of Court to order meeting法院命令召开会议的权力
315. Resolution passed at adjourned meeting延期会议上通过的决议
Subdivision 4第4节
Notice of Meetings会议通知
316. Notice required for meetings of members召开成员会议所需的通知
317. Contents of notices of meetings of members成员会议通知的内容
318. Notice of adjourned meetings of members延期成员会议的通知
319. Manner in which notice to be given发出通知的方式
320. Notification of publication of notice of meeting on website通过网站发布会议通知
321. Persons entitled to receive notice of meetings of members有权接收成员会议通知的人
322. Resolution requiring special notice需要特别通知的决议
323. Power of members to require circulation of statements成员要求分发陈述的权力
324. Director’s duty to circulate members’ statement董事分发成员陈述的义务
325. Power of Court to order non-circulation of members’ statement法院命令不得分发成员陈述的权力
326. Sending documents relating to a meeting by electronic means通过电子方式发送会议相关文件
Subdivision 5第5节
Procedure at Meetings会议程序
327. Meetings of members at two or more venues在两个或以上地点召开的成员会议
328. Quorum at meetings会议的法定人数
329. Chairperson of meetings of members成员会议主席
330. Declaration by chairperson on a show of hands主席关于举手表决的声明
331. Right to demand a poll要求投票表决的权利
332. Voting on a poll投票表决
333. Representation of corporations at meetings of members公司出席成员会议的代表
Subdivision 6第6节
Proxies代理人
334. Appointment of proxies委任代理人
335. Notice of meetings of members to contain statement of rights to appoint proxies成员会议通知须包含委任代理人的权利的声明
336. Proxy as a chairperson of a meeting of members委任代表担任成员会议主席
337. Right of proxy to demand for a poll委任代表要求投票表决的权力
338. Termination of a person’s authority to act as a proxy终止某人担任委任代表的权力
Subdivision 7第7节
Class Meetings类别会议
339. Application to class meetings类别会议的适用
Subdivision 8第8节
Additional Requirements for Public Companies上市公司的附加要求
340. Annual general meeting年度股东大会
Subdivision 9第9节
Record of Resolutions and Meetings决议和会议记录
341. Records of resolutions and meetings决议和会议记录
342. Inspection of records of resolutions and meetings对决议和会议记录的查阅
343. Records as evidence of resolutions记录为决议证据
344. Details of decisions provided by a sole member由唯一成员提供的决定详情
Division 6第6章
Remedies救济
345. Interpretation释义
346. Remedy in cases of an oppression在压迫情况下的救济
347. Derivative proceedings派生诉讼
348. Leave of Court法院许可
349. Effect of ratification追认效力
350. Powers of the Court法院的权力
351. Injunction强制令
Division 7第7章
Charges, Arrangement and Reconstructions and Receivership押记、安排及重组和破产管理
Subdivision 1第1节
Charges押记
352. Registration of charges押记的登记
353. Types of charges require registration需要登记的押记类型
354. Registration of charges created over property outside Malaysia马来西亚境外财产上的押记登记
355. Registration of charges in series of debentures系列债券的押记等级
356. Duty of company to register charges existing on property acquired公司对所购财产上存在的押记进行登记的义务
357. Register of charges to be kept by Registrar押记登记簿由注册官保存
358. Endorsement of certificate of registration on debentures债券登记证书的背书(签章)
359. Assignment and variation of charge押记的转让和变更
360. Satisfaction and release of property from charge除财产的清偿和解除押记
361. Extension of time and rectification of register of charges押记登记簿的延期和更正
362. Company to keep instruments of charges and register of charges公司须保存押记文书及押记登记簿
363. Documents made out of Malaysia在马来西亚境外准备的文件
364. Application of this Subdivision to foreign company本节对外国公司的适用
Subdivision 2第2节
Arrangements and Reconstructions安排和重组
365. Interpretation释义
366. Power of Court to order compromise or arrangement with creditors and members法院命令与债权人及成员达成妥协或安排的权力
367. Power of Court to appoint an approved liquidator法院委任获批准的清盘人的权力
368. Power of Court to restrain proceedings法院限制法律程序的权力
369. Information as to compromise or arrangement with creditors and members关于与债权人和成员达成妥协或安排的相关信息
370. Reconstruction and amalgamation of companies公司重组与合并
371. Right of offeror to buy out要约人买断的权利
Subdivision 3第3节
Receivers and Receivers and Managers接管人或接管人兼经理人
372. Qualification for appointment of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人的委任资格
373. Disqualification for appointment as receiver or receiver and manager丧失成为接管人或接管人兼经理人的资格
374. Appointment of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理的委任
375. Appointment of receiver or receiver and manager under instrument根据法律文书任命接管人或接管人兼经理人
376. Appointment of receiver or receiver and manager by Court法院任命接管人或接管人兼经理人
377. Notice of appointment of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人的委任通知
378. Vacancy in office of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人的职位空缺
379. Notice of cessation of office停任通知
380. Statement relating to appointment of receiver or receiver and manager关于接管人或接管人兼经理人的委任的陈述书
381. Liability of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人的法律责任
382. Liability for contract对于合同的法律责任
383. Power of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人的权力
384. Application to Court for directions向法院申请指示
385. Appointment of liquidator as receiver or receiver and manager in cases of winding up在清盘情况下任命清盘人作为接管人或接管人兼经理人
386. Powers of receiver or receiver and manager on liquidation接管人或接管人兼经理在清盘时的权力
387. Power of Court to fix remuneration of receiver or receiver and manager法院制定接管人或接管人兼经理人报酬的权力
388. Provisions as to information if receiver or receiver and manager appointed委任接管人或接管人兼经理人的信息的相关规定
389. Obligations of company and directors to provide information to receiver or receiver and manager公司及董事向接管人或接管人兼经理人提供资料的义务
390. Submission of statement of affairs资产负债说明书的提交
391. Lodging of accounts of receiver or receiver and manager接管人或接管人兼经理人账目的提交
392. Payments of certain debts subject to floating charge in priority to claims under charge某些债务的偿付在浮动押记项下享有优先权,高于该押记项下的其他债权
393. Enforcement of duty of receiver or receiver and manager, etc., to make returns接管人或接管人兼经理人等进行申报的义务
Division 8第8章
Corporate Rescue Mechanism企业拯救机制
394. Interpretation释义
Subdivision 1第1节
Corporate Voluntary Arrangement企业自愿安排
395. Non-application of this Subdivision本节规定不适用的情况
396. Persons who may propose voluntary arrangement可提议自愿安排的人
397. Proposal for voluntary arrangement关于自愿安排的提议
398. Moratorium暂停期
399. Summoning of meetings召集会议
400. Decisions of meetings会议的决定
401. Implementation of proposal提案的实施
402. Arrangements coming to an end prematurely提前终止的安排
Subdivision 2第2节
Judicial Management司法管理
403. Non-application of this Subdivision本节规定不适用的情况
404. Application to Court for a company to be placed under judicial management and for appointment of a judicial manager向法院申请将一家公司置于司法管理之下及委任一名司法管理人
405. Power of Court to make a judicial management order and appoint a judicial manager法院下达司法管理令及委任司法管理人的权力
406. Duration of judicial management order and its extension司法管理令的期限及其延长
407. Nomination of judicial manager司法经理人的提名
408. Notice of application for judicial management order司法管理令申请的通知
409. Dismissal of application for judicial management order司法管理令申请的驳回
410. Effect of application for a judicial management order司法管理令申请的效果
411. Effect of judicial management order司法管理令的效力
412. Notification that a company is under judicial management order公司接受司法管理令的通知
413. Vacancy in appointment of judicial manager司法管理人的职位空缺
414. General powers and duties of judicial manager司法管理人的一般权利和义务
415. Power to deal with charged property, etc.处理押记财产等的权力
416. Agency and liability for contracts代理和合同责任
417. Vacation of office and release离职和解雇
418. Information to be given by and to judicial manager司法管理人应提供和向其提供的信息
419. Company’s statement of affairs公司资产负债说明书
420. Statement of proposals提案说明
421. Consideration of proposals by creditors’ meeting债权人会议对提议的审议
422. Committee of creditors债权人委员会
423. Duty to manage company’s affairs, etc., in accordance with approved proposals根据批准的方案管理公司事物等的义务
424. Duty to apply for discharge of judicial management order申请解除司法管理令的义务
425. Protection of interests of creditors and members保护债权人和成员的利益
426. Undue preference in judicial management司法管理中的不当特惠
427. Delivery and seizure of property财产的交付和扣押
428. Duty to co-operate with judicial manager与司法管理人合作的义务
429. Inquiry into company’s dealings, etc.对公司交易等的调查
430. Application of provisions of winding up of a company under judicial management司法管理下公司清盘条款的适用
PART IV第四编
CESSATION OF COMPANIES公司终止
Division 1第1章
Voluntary and Compulsory Winding Up自愿和强制清盘
Subdivision 1第1节
Preliminary前言
431. Application of winding up provisions清盘条款的适用
432. Modes of winding up清盘模式
433. Qualification of liquidator清盘人的资格
434. Government bound by certain provisions政府受某些条款的约束
Subdivision 2第2节
Contributories分担人
435. Liability as contributories of present and past members现任与前任成员作为分担人的责任
436. Nature of liability of contributory分担人责任的性质
437. Contributories in the case of death of member成员死亡情况下的分担人
438. Contributories in case of bankruptcy of member成员破产情况下的分担人
Subdivision 3第3节
Voluntary Winding Up自愿清盘
439. Circumstances in which company may be wound up voluntarily公司可自愿清盘的情形
440. Interim liquidators临时清盘人
441. Date of commencement of winding up清盘开始的日期
442. Effect of voluntary winding up自愿清盘的效力
443. Declaration of solvency偿债能力声明
444. Distinction between “members” and “creditors” voluntary winding up“成员”和“债权人”自愿清盘的区分
Subdivision 4第4节
Members’ Voluntary Winding Up成员自愿清盘
445. Appointment and removal of liquidator清盘人的委任及免职
446. Power to fill vacancy in office of liquidator填补清盘人职位空缺的权力
447. Duty of liquidator to call for creditors’ meeting in case of insolvency清盘人在无力偿债的情况下召开债权人会议的义务
448. Conversion to creditors’ voluntary winding up转换为债权人自愿清盘
Subdivision 5第5节
Creditors’ Voluntary Winding Up债权人自愿清盘
449. Meeting of creditors债权人会议
450. Liquidators in creditors voluntary winding up债权人自愿清盘中的清盘人
451. Property and proceedings财产和程序
Subdivision 6第6节
Provisions Applicable to Every Voluntary Winding Up自愿清盘适用条款
452. Distribution of property of company公司财产分配
453. Appointment or removal of liquidator by Court法院委任或免职清盘人
454. Remuneration of liquidators in voluntary winding up自愿清盘中清盘人的报酬
455. Act of liquidator valid, etc.清盘人的行为有效等
456. Powers of liquidator in a voluntary winding up清盘人在自愿清盘中的权力
457. Power of liquidator to accept shares, etc., as consideration for sale of property of company清算师接受股份等作为公司财产出售的对价的权利
458. Annual meeting of members and creditors成员和债权人的年度会议
459. Final meeting and dissolution最终会议和解散
460. Arrangement binding on creditors对债权人具有约束力的安排
461. Application to Court to have questions determined or powers exercised向法院申请裁定问题或行使权力
462. Costs费用
463. Limitation on right to wind up voluntarily对自愿清盘权的限制
Subdivision 7第7节
Winding Up by Court由法院清盘
464. Petition of winding up清盘申请
465. Circumstances in which company may be wound up by Court公司可由法院清盘的情况
466. Definition of “inability to pay debts”“无力偿还债务”的定义
467. Commencement of winding up by the Court由法院启动清盘程序
468. Payment of preliminary costs by petitioner由申请人支付初步费用
469. Powers of Court on hearing petition for winding up法院在审理清盘申请时的权力
470. Power of Court to stay or restrain proceedings against company prior to order of winding up法院在作出清盘令前中止或限制针对公司发起程序的权力
471. Action or proceeding stayed after winding up order清盘令发布后中止诉讼或程序
472. Avoidance of dispositions of property or certain attachment, etc.撤销财产处置或某些扣押等
473. Petition to be lis pendens申请待决
474. Lodgement of winding up order清盘令的提交
475. Effect of winding up order清盘令的效力
Subdivision 8第8节
Provisions relating to Liquidators in Winding Up by Court法院下令清盘时有关清盘人的规定
476. Interim liquidator临时清盘人
477. Appointment, style, etc., of liquidators清盘人的委任、身份等
478. Appointment of other person as liquidator other than Official Receiver委任除官方接管人以外的其他人士为清盘人
479. Remuneration of liquidators in winding up by Court法院清盘中清盘人的报酬
480. Control of approved liquidator by Official Receiver官方接管人对核定清盘人的管制
481. Control of Official Receiver by Minister部长对官方接管人的管制
482. Resignation or removal of liquidator in winding up by Court法院清盘时清盘人的辞职或免职
483. Custody and vesting of company’s property公司财产的保管及归属
484. Submission of statement of affairs of company公司事务报表的提交
485. Report by liquidator清盘人的报告
486. Powers of liquidator in winding up by Court法院清盘时清盘人的权力
487. Exercise and control of liquidator’s powers清盘人权力的行使及控制
488. Liquidator to pay moneys received into bank account清盘人须将收到的款项存入银行账户
489. Settlement of list of contributories and application of assets分担人名单的结算及资产的应用
490. Release of liquidators and dissolution of company清算人的免职及公司解散
491. Orders of release or dissolution免职或解散命令
Subdivision 9第9节
General Powers of Court in Winding Up by Court法院在法院清盘中的一般权力
492. Power of Court to stay winding up法院中止清盘的权力
493. Power of Court to terminate winding up法院终止清盘的权力
494. Matters relating to stay and termination of winding up中止和终止清盘的相关事宜
495. Debts due by contributory to company and extent of set off分担人欠公司的债务及抵销范围
496. Power of Court to make calls法院催缴的权力
497. Payment of moneys due to company into named bank将应付公司的款项存入指定银行
498. Order on contributory conclusive evidence分担人确凿证据的命令
499. Appointment of special manager特别经理的任命
500. Claims of creditors and distribution of assets债权人的债权和资产分配
501. Inspection of books and papers by creditors and contributories债权人及分担人对账簿及文件的查阅
502. Power to summon persons connected with company传唤公司相关人员的权力
503. Power to order public examination of promoters, directors, etc.命令公开审查发起人、董事等的权力
504. Power to arrest absconding contributory逮捕潜逃分担人的权力
505. Delegation of powers of Court to liquidator法院将权力授予清盘人
506. Powers of Court cumulative法院权力累积
Division 2第2章
Provisions Applicable to Every Winding Up清盘适用条款
Subdivision 1第1节
General总则
507. Investment of surplus funds on general account一般账户盈余资金的投资
508. Unclaimed assets to be paid to receiver of revenue无人认领的资产应支付给收益接管人
509. Books and papers to be kept by liquidator清盘人保存的账簿和文件
510. Control of Court over liquidators法院对清盘人的控制
511. Delivery of property to liquidator向清盘人交付财产
512. Powers of Official Receiver where no committee of inspection在没有审查委员会的情况下官方接管人的权力
513. Notice of appointment and address of liquidator清盘人的委任及其地址的通知
514. Liquidator’s accounts清盘人的账目
515. Liquidator to make good defaults清盘人弥补违约
516. Notification that a company is in liquidation公司清盘的通知
517. Appeal against decision of liquidator对清盘人的决定提起上诉
518. Books and papers of company公司账簿和文件
519. Expenses of winding up where assets insufficient资产不足时的清盘费用
520. Resolutions passed at adjourned meetings of creditors and contributories债权人和分担人的延期会议上通过的决议
521. Meetings to ascertain wishes of creditors or contributories确定债权人或分担人意愿的会议
522. Special commission for receiving evidence接收证据的特别委员会
Subdivision 2第2节
Proof and Ranking of Claims债权的证明和清偿顺序
523. Description of debts provable in winding up清盘中可证明债务的描述
524. Rights and duties of secured creditors有担保债权人的权利和义务
525. Rights and duties of unsecured creditors无担保债权人的权利和义务
526. Mutual credit and set off相互信贷和抵销
527. Priorities优先权
Subdivision 3第3节
Effect on Other Transactions对其他交易的影响
528. Undue preference不当特惠
529. Effect of floating charge浮动押记的效力
530. Liquidator’s right to recover in respect of certain sales to or by company清盘人对于向公司或由公司进行的某些销售追偿款项的权利
531. Disclaimer of onerous property放弃负担财产
532. Interpretation释义
533. Restriction of rights of creditor as to execution or attachment债权人执行或扣押权力的限制
534. Duties of bailiff as to goods taken in execution执行官对于被查封以作为执行用途的货物的义务
535. Power of Court to declare dissolution of company void法院宣布公司解散无效的权力
Subdivision 4第4节
Offences罪行
536. Offences by officers of companies in liquidation公司高级管理人员在清盘中的罪行
537. Inducement to be appointed as liquidator, etc.诱使被任命为清盘人人等
538. Falsification of books, etc.伪造账簿等
539. Liability where proper accounts not kept未妥善记账的责任
540. Responsibility for fraudulent trading欺诈性交易的责任
541. Power of Court to assess damages against delinquent officers, etc.法院有权对向失职人员等索要的损害赔偿进行评估
542. Prosecution of delinquent officers and members of company起诉失职人员和公司成员
Division 3第3章
Winding Up of Unregistered Companies未登记公司的清盘
543. Provisions of Division cumulative本章的规定可累积使用
544. Unregistered company未注册公司
545. Winding up of unregistered companies未注册公司的清盘
546. Contributories in winding up of unregistered company未注册公司清盘中的分担人
547. Power of Court to stay or restrain proceedings法院中止或限制法律程序的权力
548. Outstanding assets of a dissolved unregistered company已解散未注册公司的未清偿资产
Division 4第4章
Striking Off and Management of Assets of Dissolved Companies已解散的公司的注销和资产管理
Subdivision 1第1节
Striking Off注销
549. Power of Registrar to strike off company注册官注销公司的权力
550. Application to strike off company申请注销公司
551. Notice of intention to strike off company注销公司的意向通知
552. Objection to striking off反对注销
553. Withdrawal of striking off application撤销注销申请
554. Effect of striking off注销的效力
555. Power of Court to reinstate struck off company into register法院恢复注册已注销公司的权力
Subdivision 2第2节
Management of Assets of Dissolved Companies已解散公司的资产管理
556. Power of Registrar to represent dissolved company in certain circumstances注册官在某些情况下代表已解散公司的权力
557. Outstanding assets of dissolved or struck off company to vest in Registrar已解散或已注销公司的未清偿资产应归属注册官
558. Disposal of outstanding interests in property未清的财产权益的处置
559. Liability of Registrar and Government as to property vested in Registrar注册官及政府对归属注册官的财产的法律责任
560. Accounts and audit账目与审计
PART V第五编
MISCELLANEOUS其他规定
Division 1第1章
Foreign Companies外国公司
561. Prohibition on carrying on business in Malaysia禁止在马来西亚开展业务
562. Registration of foreign companies外国公司的注册
563. Requirement for foreign companies to have agent外国公司必须拥有代理人的要求
564. Name of foreign company and its publication外国公司名称及其公布
565. Obligation to state name of foreign company, whether limited, and place where incorporated说明外国公司名称(无论是否为有限公司以)及注册地的义务
566. Requirement to have a registered office拥有注册办事处的要求
567. Return to be filed where documents, etc., altered文件等修改后需提交
568. The branch register登记簿分册
569. Registration of shares in branch register在登记簿分册登记股份
570. Removal of shares from branch register从登记簿分册中删除股份
571. Index of members, inspection and closing of branch registers成员索引、登记簿分册的查阅和关闭
572. Transfer of shares and rectification股份转让和更改
573. Branch register to be prima facie evidence登记簿分册系表见证据
574. Accounts to be kept by foreign companies外国公司记录的账目
575. Financial statements财务报表
576. Annual return年度报表
577. Service of notice送达通知
578. Cessation of business in Malaysia终止在马来西亚的业务
579. Power of foreign companies to hold immovable property外国公司持有不动产的权力
Division 2第2章
Enforcement and Sanctions施行和制裁
583. Disposal of shares of shareholder whose whereabouts unknown对下落不明的股东的股份进行处置
584. Furnishing of information and particulars of shareholding提供资料和持股详情
585. Court may compel compliance法院可强制执行
586. Translations of instruments文书翻译
587. Protection to certain officers who make disclosures对披露人员的保护
588. General penalty一般罚则
589. Proceedings how and when taken提起诉讼的方式和时间
590. Investigation of affairs of company at direction of Minister按部长指示调查公司事务
Subdivision 2第2节
General Offences一般罪行
591. False and misleading statements虚假和误导性声明
592. False reports虚假报告
593. False report or statement to the Registrar向注册官提交的虚假报告或声明
594. Fraudulently inducing persons to invest money欺诈地诱使他人进行投资
595. Fraud by officer高级管理人员欺诈
596. Restriction on offering shares, debentures, etc., for subscription purchase限制认购或购买股份、债券等
Enforcement of the Act本法案的实施
580. As to rights of witnesses to legal representation关于证人获得法律代表的权利
581. Power to grant relief给予救济的权力
582. Irregularities in proceedings诉讼中的违规行为
597. Restriction on the use of words “Limited”, “Berhad” and “Sendirian”使用 “Limited”、“Berhad” 及 “Sendirian” 等字眼的限制
598. Prosecution of delinquent officers of company起诉公司的失职高级管理人员
Division 3第3章
General Provisions总则
599. Evidentiary value of copies certified by Registrar经注册官认证的副本的证据价值
600. Evidence of statutory requirements法定要求的证据
601. Registers and inspection of register登记簿和对登记簿的检阅
602. Rectification of registers登记簿的更正
603. Disposal of old records旧记录的处置
604. Electronic lodgement of documents以电子方式提交文件
605. Issuing document electronically以电子方式签发文件
606. Electronic information, etc. certified by Registrar admissible in evidence经注册官认证为可采纳的证据的电子资料等
607. Enforcement of duty to make returns申报义务的实施
608. Relodging of lost or destroyed documents重新提交丢失或销毁的文件
609. Time for lodging documents and extension of time提交文件的时间及其延长时间
610. Particulars and manner of information required to be lodged under this Act本法规定须提交的资料的详情及提交方式
611. Time for compliance with the requirements under this Act遵守本法要求的时间
612. Methods of communication between company and members公司与成员之间的沟通方式
613. Power to make regulations制定法规的权力
614. Power to impose terms and conditions规定条款及条件的权力
615. Exemption豁免
616. Rules规则
617. Power to amend Schedules修订附表的权力
Division 4第4章
Saving and Transitional保留条款与过渡性条款
618. Transitional provisions relating to abolition of nominal value有关取消面值的过渡性条款
619. General transitional provisions一般过渡性条款
620. Repeal and savings废除及保留
FIRST SCHEDULE附录一
SECOND SCHEDULE附录二
THIRD SCHEDULE附录三
FOURTH SCHEDULE附录四
FIFTH SCHEDULE附录五
SIXTH SCHEDULE附录六
SEVENTH SCHEDULE附录七
EIGHTH SCHEDULE附录八
NINTH SCHEDULE附录九
TENTH SCHEDULE附录十
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE附录十一
TWELFTH SCHEDULE附录十二
THIRTEENTH SCHEDULE附录十三

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This translation of the Companies Act 2016 is an unofficial version provided for informational purposes only. While the original text is in the public domain and remains the property of the relevant government authority, this translation is the intellectual property of SpeakUp Innovation Sdn Bhd. Unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or modification of this translation, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited without prior written consent from SpeakUp Innovation Sdn Bhd. However, readers may use this translation provided that proper attribution is given.

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本《公司法 2016》译本为非官方版本,仅供参考之用。原始法律文本属于公共领域,其版权归相关政府机构所有,而本译文的知识产权归 SpeakUp Innovation Sdn Bhd 所有。未经 SpeakUp Innovation Sdn Bhd 书面授权,严禁擅自复制、分发或修改本译文的全部或部分内容。读者可在注明此译文的出处的情况下使用本译文。

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